{
  "schemaVersion": "2.0.0",
  "identity": {
    "slug": "kernel-flow",
    "manufacturerSlug": "kernel",
    "name": {
      "value": "Kernel Flow",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.kernel.com",
          "label": "Kernel — official site"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "modelNumber": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "codename": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "aliases": {
      "value": [
        "Flow1",
        "Kernel Flow1"
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "generation": {
      "value": "1st",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "predecessorSlug": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "successorSlug": {
      "value": "kernel-flow2",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.kernel.com",
          "label": "Kernel — official site"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "tagline": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "editorial"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "shortDescription": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "editorial prose"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "longDescription": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "countryOfOrigin": {
      "value": "US",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/23/kernel-raises-53-million-to-bring-its-neural-imaging-tech-to-market/",
          "label": "TechCrunch — Kernel reveals Flow & Flux ($53M Series C)",
          "date": "2020-07-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "releaseDate": {
      "value": "2021",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "announcedDate": {
      "value": "2020-07-23",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/23/kernel-raises-53-million-to-bring-its-neural-imaging-tech-to-market/",
          "label": "TechCrunch — Kernel reveals Flow & Flux ($53M Series C)",
          "date": "2020-07-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "discontinuedDate": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "status": {
      "value": "research-only",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.kernel.com",
          "label": "Kernel — official site"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "classification": {
    "invasiveness": {
      "value": "non-invasive",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "modalities": {
      "value": [
        "fNIRS"
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "primaryModality": {
      "value": "fNIRS",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "direction": {
      "value": "read",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "category": {
      "value": [
        "research-grade",
        "diagnostic"
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "formFactor": {
      "value": [
        "helmet"
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "intendedUseCases": {
      "value": [
        "whole-cortex hemodynamic imaging",
        "cognitive neuroscience research",
        "psychiatry / pharma biomarker studies",
        "BCI research"
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.kernel.com",
          "label": "Kernel — official site"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "targetUsers": {
      "value": [
        "neuroscience-researcher",
        "clinician"
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "electrodes": {
    "totalChannels": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Flow uses optical modules (~52 dual-wavelength), not EEG channels; channel count depends on module-pair configuration"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "recordingChannels": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "referenceChannels": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "electrodeType": {
      "value": [
        "optical",
        "optode"
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "material": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "positions1020": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "channels": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "requiresGel": {
      "value": false,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "requiresSaline": {
      "value": false,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "prepTimeMinutes": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "reusable": {
      "value": true,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "disposable": {
      "value": false,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "stimulation": {
    "capable": {
      "value": false,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "connectivity": {
    "protocols": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "v0 had ethernet/usb-c; primary sources don't pin protocol set"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "bluetoothVersion": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "bluetoothProfiles": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "concurrentMode": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "encryptionInTransit": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "pairingMethods": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "cloudSync": {
      "value": false,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "offlineRecording": {
      "value": true,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "power": {
    "sources": {
      "value": [
        "wired-mains"
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "batteryLifeActiveHours": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "chargingPort": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "chargingTimeMinutes": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "batteryReplaceable": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "notes": {
      "value": "Flow is mains-powered via its acquisition cart / base station.",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "physical": {
    "weightGrams": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "v0 had 2200g typical; not pinned in primary sources I have"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "dimensions": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "materials": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "sizes": {
      "value": [
        "one-size-adjustable"
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "headCircumferenceCm": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "operatingTempC": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "compute": {
    "hasOnboardComputer": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "operatingSystems": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "primaryOs": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "edgeMlAccelerator": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "rootAccessLevel": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "appSandbox": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "thirdPartyAppsAllowed": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "notes": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "software": {
    "apps": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "mobileApp": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "cloudPlatform": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "offlineMode": {
      "value": true,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "subscriptionRequired": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "rawDataAccess": {
      "value": true,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "exportFormats": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "lslSupport": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "dataOwnership": {
      "value": "user",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "privacyPolicyUrl": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "sdk": {
    "hasSdk": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "docsUrl": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "openSource": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "languages": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "webBluetooth": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "rawSampleAccess": {
      "value": true,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "bciParadigms": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "thirdPartyIntegrations": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "capabilities": {
    "attentionFocus": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "meditationCalm": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "neurofeedback": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "meditationCoaching": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "sleepTracking": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "customCapabilities": {
      "value": [
        {
          "name": "Whole-cortex TD-fNIRS imaging",
          "description": "Simultaneous time-domain hemodynamic measurement across the majority of the cortical surface, in a wearable form factor.",
          "evidenceLevel": "peer-reviewed"
        }
      ],
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1",
          "label": "Ban et al. (2021) — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv)",
          "date": "2021-12-23"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "security": {
    "authenticationFactors": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "perUserProfiles": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "requiresAccount": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "claimingMethods": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "ownershipModel": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "activationLock": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "remoteLock": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "remoteWipe": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "findMyDevice": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "notes": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "firmware": {
    "otaSupported": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "otaTransports": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "updateMechanism": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "updateChannels": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "rollbackSupported": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "signedUpdates": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "forcedUpdates": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "userDeferrable": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "updateRequiresAppCompanion": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "averageUpdateFrequency": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "notes": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "regulatory": {
    "fdaStatus": {
      "value": "none",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.kernel.com",
          "label": "Kernel — official site"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "ceMark": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "certifications": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "prescriptionRequired": {
      "value": false,
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.kernel.com",
          "label": "Kernel — official site"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "pediatricApproved": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "pricing": {
    "msrp": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "currentPrice": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "subscription": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "buyUrls": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "warranty": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "returnPolicyDays": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "media": {
    "officialUrl": {
      "value": "https://www.kernel.com",
      "status": "verified",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.kernel.com",
          "label": "Kernel — official site"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    },
    "productPageUrl": {
      "status": "unknown",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Kernel doesn't host a single Flow product page"
        }
      ],
      "updatedAt": "2026-05-04"
    }
  },
  "editorial": {
    "pros": [
      "Whole-cortex coverage in a head-worn form factor",
      "Time-domain fNIRS gives depth resolution that CW-fNIRS cannot",
      "No gel, fast donning relative to high-density EEG/MEG"
    ],
    "cons": [
      "Research-only — not sold to consumers",
      "Tethered to a base station; not ambulatory",
      "Most low-level specs (channel count, sampling, NIR power) only partially public"
    ],
    "bestFor": [],
    "notFor": [],
    "comparableDevices": [
      "kernel-flow2"
    ]
  },
  "provenance": {
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Kernel — official site",
        "url": "https://www.kernel.com"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ban et al. — Kernel Flow technical preprint (bioRxiv, 2021)",
        "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474081v1"
      },
      {
        "label": "TechCrunch — Kernel reveals Flow & Flux",
        "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/23/kernel-raises-53-million-to-bring-its-neural-imaging-tech-to-market/"
      }
    ],
    "lastReviewedAt": "2026-05-05"
  }
}